Blazar are highly active galactic nuclei containing supermassive black holes that emit streams of matter and radiation aimed directly at the Earth. These blazars can bombard the planet, producing neutrinos that are difficult to detect because they have no charge and almost no mass. But they play an important role in studying the universe because they can pass through barriers that stop other types of particles and even photons. That’s why researchers are eager to identify the sources of neutrinos, and recent research brings us closer to understanding that blazars may also be such a source.

Blazar They are a special type of active galactic nuclei, also known as quasars. They are so bright that they block out the light of all the stars in their galaxy. However, blazars and near-light-speed emissions from ordinary quasars target Earth directly.

In 2017, the IceCube observatory’s neutrino detector recorded a high-energy event coinciding with the seductive flare of TXS 0506+056. This time- and location-related event confirmed the connection between blazars and neutrinos. TXS 0506+056 is located approximately 5.7 billion light-years from Earth and is the active core of the galaxy.

But the actual connection between blazar bursts and the flux of neutrinos passing through Earth remains a mystery. To solve this mystery, an international team of researchers conducted a comprehensive study of TXS 0506+056 and 144 other blazars selected from observational data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope.

Scientists were able to calculate the weekly flux of gamma rays associated with Jesters and create light curves for these high-energy events. They also developed a “flare cycle” that shows the duration of a blazar’s brightness and its contribution to the blazar’s energy.

“Among our sample of blazars, we found greater dispersion of those with shorter burst cycles and energy fractions. Their cycles are interrelated patterns,” said Kenji Yoshida, a member of the team at Shibaur Institute of Technology (Tokyo). “There is also a significant difference between subclasses of blazars in their burst cycles.” “We found it,” he said.

The research team estimated the neutrino flux from each gamma-ray burst and determined upper bounds on the bursts’ contribution to the neutrino flux by comparing the predicted values ​​of each blazar over one week and 10 years. The use of such an observation method could significantly contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge about the origin of neutrinos.