Canadian physicist Rajendra Gupta compared his model of the evolution of the universe with observational data. On the one hand, the results of the calculations coincided with the predictions, and on the other hand, the model was initially able to be adjusted according to observations.

With the help of the James Webb space telescope, we are finding more and more galaxies in the young universe, whose total mass and old stars do not fully correspond to the accepted hypotheses about the evolution of such objects. In the modern universe, galaxies and stars are growing much more slowly. Many scientists believe that the rapid growth of the first stars and galaxies was due to special conditions in the young universe. Others believe that it is not the star formation models that need to be revised, but the entire standard cosmological model. Such an alternative theory was developed by Rajendra Gupta, professor of physics at the University of Ottawa (Canada).

It combined the hypothesis that fundamental physical constants change with the development of the universe (CCC model, changing coupling constants) and the “aging of light” (TL) model. According to the second, photons flying in space “get tired” from collisions with other particles, that is, they lose energy, therefore a redshift occurs (the wavelength of light increases due to less energy).

“In standard cosmology, the accelerating expansion of the universe is thought to be driven by dark energy. “In fact, this is not due to dark energy, but to the forces of nature that weaken with expansion,” Gupta explained.

To validate the alternative CCC+TL model, it needs to be tested on many observational data available today. Especially in the “standard” set: baryon acoustic oscillations, relic radiation, primary nucleosynthesis and the age of globular star clusters. In a new study published in the journal Astrophysical JournalThe physicist tested this on “traces” of baryon acoustic oscillations.

What are baryon acoustic oscillations? In the primordial dense hot plasma of the “newborn” Universe, the interaction of gravitational and repulsive forces produced “sound waves” (oscillations) in matter. Because of this, matter ceased to be so homogeneous. As it cooled, the denser regions attracted matter and the first stars and galaxies formed.

First, these sound waves are “impressed” into residual radiation. Second, their “imprints” should be visible in the distribution of galaxies in the more modern universe. Gupta tested the alternative CCC+TL model on these data.

When calculating galaxies, the scientist used the calculation results from the work of his colleagues. There, astrophysicists took hundreds of thousands of galaxies whose light reaches us between 1.4 and six billion light-years (redshift z = 0.11 to 0.65), separated them into several groups at a certain distance, and calculated the values ​​of the “traces.” “baryon oscillations for them.” Gupta’s calculations based on these observational data agreed with those predicted by the CCC+TL model.

Theoretically, if one adheres to the standard cosmological model in which the cosmological constants do not change, these data should be correlated with traces of oscillations in residual radiation. In the CCC+TL model, the constants do not remain like this.

According to the results of the calculations, it turns out that the “sound horizon” in the CCC+TL model differs by several orders of magnitude from the standard cosmological model. The “sound horizon” indicates how far “sound waves” can travel before cooling in the primary plasma. According to the standard model – 135 kiloparsecs. 15.5 megaparsecs according to the CCC+TL model.

This is to be expected, because according to CCC + TL, it turns out that the age of the universe is twice as old: 26.7 billion years. Everything in it developed at a “normal” pace, and there was enough time for the first stars and galaxies to form. At the same time, dark matter is not needed to explain their formation. The problem with CCC+LT is that although it can explain the observed data by a change in the “constants,” it cannot be proven experimentally that these changes actually occur.

Note that the “aging of light” hypothesis is considered disproved. For example, Soviet astronomer Yakov Zeldovich emphasized that the redshift in the “aging of light” model should be different for different wavelengths, that is, the spectral picture of the early universe, typical spectra should have completely different distributions from the surrounding ones. late universe. However, in practice this is not the case.

The wavelength independence of the redshift of sources observed from the ancient universe is easily explained by the fact that they are expanding. Then, photons traveling towards us from the early universe are stretched by space in the late universe, which changes their wavelengths. But in the “aging of light” model there is no expansion of the universe, which means that the independence of red elimination for different wavelengths is fundamentally uncertain.