CNBC reports this, according to Ukrinform.

The first two investigations focus on companies Alphabet and Apple and concern so-called “anti-steering” rules.

Under the European Digital Services Act (DMA), tech firms are not allowed to prevent companies from telling customers about cheaper options for their products or subscriptions outside of an app store (like the App Store).

“The way Apple and Alphabet have implemented the DMA regarding ‘anti-routing’ rules is contrary to the letter of the law,” the European Commission said.

In a third investigation, the European Commission is examining whether Apple has fulfilled its obligations under the DMA, which allows users to easily uninstall applications and change default settings on the iOS operating system.

The fourth investigation is said to target Alphabet. Here, the European Commission is examining whether the company’s display of search results on Google “could give the Google Shopping service an advantage compared to similar offers from competitors.”

The fifth and final investigation focuses on Meta and its so-called “payment and consent” model. Last year, Meta introduced an ad-free subscription model for Facebook and Instagram in Europe. The European Commission is currently investigating whether the introduction of this model constitutes a violation of the DMA.

The European Commission said it plans to complete the investigation within 12 months.

If the company is found to have violated the DMA, the European Commission can impose a fine of up to 10 percent of the technology giant’s total global turnover. For repeated violations, these penalties can go up to 20%.

As Ukrinform reported, the French anti-monopoly authority fined Google 250 million euros for failing to fulfill its obligations to pay local publishers for their news.